04/01/2026 Research

Study Examines Global Link Between Cultural Change and Anxiety Disorders in Young People

Researchers at the DZPG partner site Bochum–Marburg have found evidence that the global rise in anxiety disorders among children and adolescents may be linked to long-term cultural changes. The study shows that, worldwide, the decline in religiosity in particular is associated across countries with a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders.

Estimates suggest that anxiety disorders in young people have been increasing for years. At the same time, societal views on which traits children should develop have changed significantly. A key scientific question is whether these developments and shifting parenting goals are related to the mental health of young people.

Data From 70 Countries Analyzed Over Three Decades

To investigate this question, the research team analyzed data from 70 countries across all continents, covering the period from 1989 to 2022. The analysis was based on international health data on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in toddlers, children, and adolescents, as well as extensive cultural data. This included data from the World Values Survey, the Global Burden of Disease Study, and other international datasets.

Using data spanning several decades, the researchers examined how changes in societal parenting goals influence the development of anxiety disorders. “Over time, societal expectations of how children should ideally be have changed significantly worldwide,” says the study’s first author, Leonard Kulisch. “We therefore wanted to find out whether these changing patterns of expectations are linked to the increase in anxiety disorders.”

Declining Religiosity as a Risk Factor for Anxiety Disorders

Across all continents, the findings show that a decline in religiosity in upbringing is the most important risk factor for anxiety disorders. “Presumably because religiosity promotes a sense of belonging and gives life direction,” says Leonard Kulisch. Where religion gradually disappears as a resource, a gap may emerge. “Families may become more isolated, have less stable social networks, and lose daily routines.” Such conditions, however, are crucial for children to grow up mentally healthy.

Promoting Connectedness: Approaches Beyond the Family

Although the observed effects are overall small, the study highlights the importance of religiosity as a protective factor. The results suggest that, especially in increasingly secular societies, new ways should be found to promote social connectedness and a sense of meaning. In addition to family structures, community-based activities such as clubs, group activities, or civic engagement may play an important role. Educational institutions are also key in actively fostering social inclusion and a sense of community.

Original Publication:

Kulisch LK, Domínguez Rojas AL, Schneider S, Voigt B. Global Cultural Change and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Analyzing Socialization Goals Over Three Decades in 70 Countries. Dev Sci. 2026 May;29(3):e70157. doi: 10.1111/desc.70157. PMID: 41797358; PMCID: PMC12968521.

Source: Press Release of Ruhr University Bochum

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